Russia: Students
PREDOCTORAL
Entered in 2004
Lucas Canino
Entered in 2006
Flora Roberts
Entered in 2007
Natalie Belsky
Leah Goldman
David Plotz
PHDS IN PROGRESS
Jennifer Amos. Soviet Displomacy and the Politics of Human Rights: From Nuremberg to Helsinki.
Supervisor: M. Geyer
Rachel Applebaum. Sovietization with a Human Face: Soviet-Czechoslovak Cultural and Social Relations, 1948-1972.
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Heidy Berthoud. The Formation and Development of the Soviet Garment Industry and Its Role in Soviet Culture and Society, 1928-1953. Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Thomas Dunmore. Managing World Order? Trilateralism and the American Foreign Policy Elite, 1972-1985.
Supervisor: B. Cumings
Julia Fein. Provincial Publics: Local Museums and Social Change in Siberia, 1887-1941.
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Andrew Janco. The Soviet Refugee in Postwar Europe and the Cold War, 1945-1961.
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Jeong Ha (Jake) Lee. The Red Cavalrymen and the "Group Politics" in the Interwar Red Army
Supervisors: S. Fitzpatrick and R. Hellie
Mie Nakachi. Replacing the Dead: Reproductive Control in the Postwar Soviet Union, 1944-1955
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Kyung Deok (Ken) Roh. Stalinist Orientalism: Soviet Area Specialists, Japan, and Wartime East Asia, 1931-1951
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Oscar Sánchez. The Political, Economic, and Cultural Development of Soviet-Cuban Relations, 1959-1968
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Andrey Shlyakhter. Smuggling Across the Soviet Borders: Contraband Trade and the Soviet Struggle Against It, 1918-1933
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Michael Westren. "The Punished Peoples" in Soviet Kazakhstan, 1941-1961
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
Benjamin Zajicek. Psychiatry and Mental Illness in the Soviet Union, 1945-1964
Supervisor: S. Fitzpatrick
RECENT DISSERTATIONS
1994
James Andrews, "The Popularization of the Natural Sciences and Technology in Revolutionary Russia." S. Fitzpatrick
Chris Chulos, "Peasant Religion in Post-Emancipation Russia: Voronezh Province, 1880-1917." R. Hellie
John McCannon, "Red Arctic: The Political and Cultural Significance of the Arctic in the Soviet Union, 1932-1939." S. Fitzpatrick
1995
Matthew Payne, "Turksib: the Building of the Turkestan-Siberian Railroad and the Politics of Production during the Cultural Revolution, 1926-1931." S. Fitzpatrick
1996
Golfo Alexopoulos, "Rights and Passage: Marking Outcasts and Making Citizens in Soviet Russia, 1926-1936." S. Fitzpatrick
James Harris, "The Great Urals: Regional Interests and the Evolution of the Soviet System, 1917-1937." S. Fitzpatrick
Julie Hessler, "Culture of Shortages: A Social History of Soviet Trade, 1917-1953." S. Fitzpatrick
Terry Martin, "An Affirmative Action Empire: Ethnicity and the Soviet State, 1923-1938." S. Fitzpatrick
Steven Richmond, "Ideologically Firm: Soviet Theater Censorship, 1921-1928." S. Fitzpatrick
1997
Elizabeth Bishop, "Talking Shop: Egyptian Engineers and Soviet Specialists at the Aswan High Dam." R. Khalidi
Matthew Lenoe, "Stalinist Mass Journalism and the Transformation of Soviet Newspapers, 1926-1932." S. Fitzpatrick
Emily E. Pyle, "Village Social Relations and the Reception of Soldiers' Family Aid Policies in Russia, 1912-1921." S. Fitzpatrick
1998
Elena Pavlova, "Private Land Ownership in Northeastern Russia during the Late Appanage Period." R. Hellie
Joshua Sanborn, "Drafting the Nation: Military Conscription and the Formation of a Modern Polity in Tsarist and Soviet Russia, 1905-1925." S. Fitzpatrick
1999
Christopher Burton, "Medical Welfare during late Stalinism: A study of Doctors and the Soviet Health System, 1945-1953." S. Fitzpatrick
2000
Stephen V. Bittner, "Exploring reform: De-Stalinization in Moscow's Arbat District, 1953-1968." S. Fitzpatrick.
Alison Smith, "Cabbage and Cuisine: Food in Russia before the Great Reforms." R. Hellie
2001
Kiril Tomoff, "Creative Union: The Professional Organization of Soviet Composers, 1939-1953." S. Fitzpatrick
2003
Jonathan Bone, "Socialism in One Country: Stalinist Population Politics and the Making of the Soviet Far East, 1929-1939." S. Fitzpatrick
Steven Harris, "Moving to the Separate Apartment: Building, Distributing, Furnishing, and Living in Urban Housing in Soviet Russia, 1950s-1960s," S. Fitzpatrick
2004
Mark Edele, "A 'Generation of Victors?' War Experience, Victory, and the Culture of Veterans in the Soviet Union, 1941-1956," S. Fitzpatrick
2005
P. Charles Hachten, "Property Relations and the Economic Organization of Soviety Russia, 1941-1948," S. Fitzpatrick
2006
Rachel Green, ""There Will Not Be Orphans Among Us": Soviet Orphanages, Foster Care, and Adoption, 1941-1956 ," S. Fitzpatrick
Brian LaPierre, "Redefining Deviance: Policing and Punishing Hooliganism in Khrushchev's Russia, 1953-1964," S. Fitzpatrick
Christian Raffensperger, "Reexamining Rus': The Place of Kievan Rus' in Europe, ca. 800-1146," R. Hellie
2007
Alan Barenberg, "From Prison Camp to Mining Town: The Gulag and its Legacy in Vorkuta, 1940-1965," S. Fitzpatrick
Edward Cohn, "Disciplining the Party: The Expulsion and Censure of Communist in the Post-War Soviet Union, 1945-1961," S. Fitzpatrick
Michael David, "The White Plague in the Red State: The Control of Tuberculosis in Russia, 1900-1941," S. Fitzpatrick
ACADEMIC PLACEMENT OF RECENT PHDS
John McCannon, N.E. Louisiana (1994) (now at University of Saskatchewan)
Golfo Alexopoulos, South Florida (1995)
Julie Hessler, Oregon (1995)
Matthew Payne, Emory (1995)
Terry Martin, Calgary (1996) (now at Harvard)
James Andrews, Iowa State (1997)
Matthew Lenoe, Little Rock, Ark. (1997) (now at Assumption College, Mass.)
Steven Richmond, Koc, Turkey (1997) (now at Istanbul Technical University)
Joshua Sanborn, Stephen F. Austin University, Texas (1998) (now at Lafayette College)
James Harris, Teeside, UK. (1998) (now at Leeds, UK)
Jonathan Bone, William Paterson College (2001)
Alison Smith, Colorado State (2001)
Kiril Tomoff, University of California at Riverside (2001)
Stephen Bittner, Sonoma State College (2002)
Christopher Burton, Lethbridge, Alberta (2003)
Chris Chulos, Faculty Member, University of Helsinki, Renvall Institute for Cultural Studies 1994-2002. Now at Roosevelt University, Department of History, Chicago
Mark Edele, University of Western Australia (2004)
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES BY RECENT PHDS (1995 ON)
- Alexopoulos, Golfo.
- "Exposing Illegality and Oneself: Complaint and Risk in Stalin's Russia." In Reforming justice in Russia, 1864-1996: Power Culture, and the Limits of Legal Order, ed. Peter H. Solomon, 168-89. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997.
- "The Ritual Lament: A Narrative of Appeal in the 1920s and 1930s." Russian History 24, no. 1-2 (1997): 117-129.
- "Portrait of a Con Artist as a Soviet Man." Slavic Review 57, no. 4 (1998): 774-790.
- "Victim Talk: Defense Testimony and Denunciation Under Stalin." Law and Social Inquiry 24, no. 3 (1999): 501-518.
- "Voices Beyond the Urals: The Discovery of a Central State Archive." Cahiers du Monde russe 40, no. 1-2 (1999): 1-17.
- "Victim Talk: Defense Testimony and Denunciation Under Stalin." In Russian Modernity: Politics, Practices, Knowledge, ed. David L. Hoffmann and Yanni Kotsonis, 204-220. London: Macmillan, 2000.
- Stalin's outcasts : aliens, citizens, and the Soviet state, 1926-1936. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003.
- Andrews, James T.
- "Studies on Russian History for the Celebration of Its Millennium." Russian History 15, no. 2-4 (1988): 131-154.
- "N.A. Rubakin and the Popularization of Science in the Post-October Period." Russian History 16, no. 1 (1989): 9-29.
- "All Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge." In Modern Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union, II, 1991.
- "Gor'kii, Scientists, and the Scholarly Community During the Russian Revolution: Editor's Introduction." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 22, no. 1 (1995): 1-5.
- "Another Side of Maksim Gor'kii: Gor'kii and Mass-Scientific Enlightenment in Revolutionary Russia." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 22, no. 1 (1995): 6-15.
- "VARNITSO, the Stalinist State, and Public Scientific Enlightenment in Soviet Russia: Cultural Revolution as Competition, 1927-32." East-West Education 18, no. 2 (1997): 143-161.
- "Local Science and Public Culture: Iaroslavl' Naturalists, Popular Enlightenment and the Soviet State, 1917-31." In Provincial Landscapes: the Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, 1917-53, ed. Donald J. Raleigh. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
- Science for the masses : the Bolshevik state, public science, and the popular imagination in Soviet Russia, 1917-1934. 1st ed. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 2003.
- Bittner, Stephen V.
- "Remembering the Avant-Garde: Moscow Architects and the "Rehabilitation" of Constructivism, 1961-64." Kritika 2, no. 3 (2001): 553-576.
- "Review of E.S. Afanes'eva, et al., Ideologicheskie komissii TsK KPSS, 1958-1964: Dokumenty." Kritika 3, no. 2 (2002): 356-361.
- Bone, Jonathan.
- "An Annotated Guide To Stalin's Office Logbook, 1924-1931." Stalin Era Research and Archives Project Working Paper, no. 3 (1999).
- "Soviet Controls On The Circulation Of Information." Cahiers du Monde russe 40, no. 1-2 (1999): 65-90.
- "A la recherche d'un Komsomol perdu: Who Really Built Komsomol'sk-na-Amure, and Why?" Revue des Ètudes Slaves 53, no. 1 (1999): 59-92.
- "Rethinking Stalinist Industrialization In The Soviet Far East." In The Siberian Saga: A History Of Russia's Wild East, ed. John van Oudenaren, William V. Reger and Eva-Maria Stolberg. Leyden: Brill, forthcoming.
- Chulos, Chris.
- "Slavia mestnoe: torzhestva v Rossiiskoi imperii i poreformennye avtory provintsial'noi pressy" [In Praise of the Local: Authors of the Provincial Press and Celebrations of the Russian Empire]. Ab Imperio (Russia and Germany), nos. 1-2 (2001): 269-84.
- "Stories of the Empire: Myth, Ethnography, and Village Origin Legends in Nineteenth-Century Russia." In Imperial and National Identities in Pre-Revolutionary, Soviet, and Post-Soviet Russia. Edited by Chris J. Chulos and Johannes Remy. Pp. 115-34. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2002.
- "Introduction" to "The Russian Religious Scene." In Beyond the Mainstream: The Emergence of Religious Pluralism in Finland, Estonia, and Russia." Edited by Jeffrey Kaplan. Studia Historica, no. 63. Pp. 333-35. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2000.
- "New Religious Movements in Russia from a Historical Perspective." In Beyond the Mainstream: The Emergence of Religious Pluralism in Finland, Estonia, and Russia. Edited by Jeffrey Kaplan. Studia Historica, no. 63. Pp. 341-45. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2000.
- "Orthodox Identity at Russian Holy Places." In The Fall of an Empire, the Birth of a Nation: National Identities in Russia (Nationalism and Fascism in Russia). Edited by Chris J. Chulos and Timo Piirainen. Pp. 28-50. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
- "The End of Cultural 'Survivals' (perezhitki): Remembering and Forgetting Russian Peasant Religious Traditions." Studia Slavica Finlandensia 17 (2000): 190-207.
- "'A Place without Taverns': Village Space in the Afterlife." In Within the Limits: Space in Russian History and Culture. Edited by Jeremy Smith. Pp. 191-99. Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society, 1999.
- "Religious and Secular Aspects of Pilgrimage in Modern Russia." Byzantium and the North/Acta Byzantina Fennica, no. 9 (1997-1998): 21-58.
- Compiler and editor. "Peasants' Attempts to Reopen their Church, 1929-1936." Russian History/Russe Histoire (U.S.A.) 24, no. 1 (1997): 204-13.
- "Revolution and Grass-roots Re-evaluations of Russian Orthodoxy: Parish Clergy and Peasants of Voronezh Province, 1905-1917". In Transforming Peasants: Society, State and the Peasants, 1861-1930, Selected Papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies, Warsaw 1995, ed. Judith Pallot. Pp. 90-112. London: Macmillan, and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.
- "Myths of the Pious or Pagan Peasant in Post-Emancipation Central Russia (Voronezh Province)." Russian History/Russe Histoire (U.S.A.) 22, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 181-216.
- "Peasant Perspectives of Clerical Debauchery in Post-Emancipation Russia." Studia Slavica Finlandensia 12 (1995): 33-53.
- "Orthodoxy and Nationality among Peasants in Late Nineteenth-Century Russia." Finnish Review of East European Studies/Idäntutkimus no. 1 (1995): 48-56.
- Converging Worlds: Religion and in Peasant Russia, 1861-1917. (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, forthcoming, autumn 2003.)
- Co-editor (with Johannes Remy). Imperial and National Identities in Pre-Revolutionary, Soviet, and Post-Soviet Russia. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2002.
- Co-editor (with Timo Piirainen). The Fall of an Empire, the Birth of a Nation: National Identities in Russia (Nationalism and Fascism in Russia). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
- Harris, James R.
- "The Growth of the Gulag: Forced Labor in the Urals Region, 1929-31." Russian Review 56, no. 2 (1997): 265-280.
- The Great Urals: Regionalism and the Evolution of the Soviet System. Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press, 1999.
- "The Purging of Local Cliques in the Urals Region, 1936-37." In Stalinism: New Directions, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick, 262-285. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
- "Resisting the Plan in the Urals, 1928-1956: Or, Why Regional Officials Needed 'Wreckers' and 'Saboteurs'." In Contending with Stalinism: Soviet Power and Popular Resistance in the 1930s, ed. Lynne Viola, 202-227. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.
- Hessler, Julie.
- "A Postwar Perestroika? Toward a History of Private Enterprise in the USSR." Slavic Review 57, no. 3 (1998): 516-42.
- "Cultured Trade: The Stalinist Turn Toward Consumerism." In Stalinism: New Directions, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick, 182-209. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
- "Postwar Normalization and its Limits in the USSR: the Case of Trade." Europe-Asia Studies 53, no. 3 (2001): 445-471.
- A Social History of Soviet Trade: Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and
Consumption, 1917-1953 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, forthcoming
2004).
- Lenoe, Matthew E.
- Agitation, propaganda, and the "Stalinization" of the Soviet press, 1922-1930 The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies. Pittsburgh, Pa.: CREES, 1998.
- "Letter Writing and the State: Reader Correspondence with Newspapers as a Source for Early Soviet History." Cahiers du Monde russe 40 (1999).
- "A Precedent for Putin in 19th Century Japan." The Boston Globe2000.
- "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does it Matter?" Journal of Modern History (2002).
- Closer to the Masses. Stalinist Culture, Social Revolutions and Soviet Newspaper (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, forthcoming 2004).
- Martin, Terry.
- "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing." Journal of Modern History 70, no. 4 (1998): 813-861.
- "The Russification of the RSFSR." Cahiers du Monde russe (1998).
- "Interpreting the New Archival Signals: Nationalities Policy and the Nature of the Soviet Bureaucracy." Cahiers du Monde russe 40, no. 1-2 (1999): 113-24.
- "Review of Daniel R. Brower et al., Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917." Journal of Modern History 71, no. 2 (1999): 508-11.
- "Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism? Ascribed Nationality and Soviet Primordialism." In Stalinism: New Directions, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick, 348-67. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
- The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
- "An Affirmative action empire: The Soviet Union as the Highest Form of Imperialism." In A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of Lenin and Stalin, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin, 67-90. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- co-editor with Ronald Suny. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of Lenin and Stalin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- McCannon, John.
- "Soviet Intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939: A Reexamination." Russian History 22, no. 2 (1995): 154-180.
- "To Storm the Arctic: Polar Exploration and Public Visions of Nature in the USSR." Ecumene 2, no. 1 (1995): 15-31.
- "Positive Heroes at the Pole: Celebrity Status, Socialist-Realist Ideals and the Soviet Myth of the Arctic, 1932-39." Russian Review 56, no. 3 (1997): 346-365.
- Red Arctic : polar exploration and the myth of the north in the Soviet Union, 1932-1939. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- "Feldmarschall Georg von Küchler." In Hitlers militärische Elite. Bd. I: Von den Anfängen des Regimes bis Kriegsbeginn [Hitler's Military Elite. Volume I: From the Regime's Inception to the War's Beginning], ed. Gerd R. Ueberschar. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche BG, 1998.
- "True North? Nicholas Roerich and the Moscow Art Theater Production of Peer Gynt, 1912-1913." Slavic and East European Performance 19, no. 3 (1999): 30-44.
- "In Search of Primeval Russia: Stylistic Evolution in the Landscapes of Nicholas Roerich, 1897-1914." Ecumene 7, no. 3 (2000): 271-297.
- "The Smallest Cogs in the Great Machine: Scientific and Technological Utopias in Soviet Children's Literature, 1921-1932." Journal of Popular Culture 34, no. 4 (2001): 161-176.
- "Searching for Shambhala: The Mystical Art and Epic Journeys of Nikolai Roerich." Russian Life, no. 1 (2001): 48-56.
- Pavlova, Elena
- "Chastnoe zemlevladenie v udel'nykh kniazhstvakh v techenie pozdnego monogolo-tatarskogo perioda i vopros o vliianii mongolo-tatarskogo prava," Mongolica 5 (2001): 31:32
- Co-Editor (along with I. Alimov and I.Kulganek). Archival Sources on Turkic and Mongol Peoples: Russian Collections. 320 pp. St. Petersburg Center for Oriental Studies, 2000, 320 pp.
- "Private Landownership in Northeastern Rus' and Mongol Land Laws, " Russian History 26, No.2 (Summer 1999) : 125-144
- "From Turf to Icon: the Ritual of Legal Confirmation (Otvod) in Private Legal Documents of Northeastern Russian Principalities, 1380-1460," Chicago Anthropology Exchange 21 (1995) : 71- 86
- "The Coinless Period in the History of Northeastern Rus'. Historiography Survey," Russian History 21, No. 4 (Winter 1994) : 375-392
- Payne, Matt.
- "The Turksib: First-born of the Five-Year Plan." Russian History 353-415 (1988).
- "Muscovy as the Basis for a Bureaucratic State?: A Critique of Maryanne Ozernoy's "A Political History of the Russian Bureaucratic State." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 23, no. 1 (1996): 15-36.
- "The Forge of the Kazakh Proletariat? The Turksib, Nativization, and Industrialization during Stalin's First Five-Year Plan." In A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of Lenin and Stalin, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin, 223-252. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- Stalin's Railroad: Turksib and Building Socialism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
- "The Movie Turksib and Soviet Orientalism." The Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 21, no. 1 (2001).
- Richmond, Steven David.
- "The Eye of the State": An Interview with Soviet Chief Censor Vladimir Solodin." Russian Review 56, no. 4 (1997): 581-590.
- Sanborn, Joshua A.
- "Pacifist Politics and Peasant Politics: Tolstoy and the Doukhobors, 1895-99." Canadian Ethnic Studies/Etudes Ethniques au Canada 27, no. 3 (1995): 52-71.
- "Conscription, Correspondence, and Politics in Late Imperial Russia." Russian History 24, no. 1-2 (1997): 27-40.
- "Besporiadki sredi prizyvnikov v 1914 g. i vopros o russkoi natsii: novyi vzgliad na problemu." In Rossiia i pervaia mirovaia voina: materialy mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kollokviuma, ed. N.N. Smirnov, 202-215. St. Petersburg: Bulanin, 1999.
- "The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation: A Reexamination." Slavic Review 59, no. 2 (2000): 267-289.
- "More than Imagined: A Few Notes on Modern Identities (discussion response)." Slavic Review 59, no. 2 (2000): 330-335.
- "Nonviolent Protest and the Russian State: The Doukhobors in 1895 and 1937." In The Doukhobor Centenary in Canada:? A Multi-Disciplinary Perspective on their Unity and Diversity, ed. Andrew Donskov, 83-102. Ottawa: Slavic Research Group, 2000.
- "Family, Fraternity, and Nation-Building in Russia, 1905-1925." In A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Soviet Union, 1917-1953, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- "What's New in Russian Military History and Why You Should Care." Kritika 2, no. 3 (2001): 615-634.
- "Military Reform, Moral Reform, and the End of the Old Regime." In Military and Society in Russia, ed. Marshall Poe and Eric Lohr. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
- "Did the Kerensky Government Make a Mistake When It Tried to Keep Russia in the War?" In History in Dispute, Volume 8: World War I, ed. Dennis Showalter, 171-174. Columbia, SC: Gale Pubilshing, 2002.
- Drafting the Russian Nation : Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905-1925. Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003.
- "The Short Course for Murder: How Soldiers and Criminals Learn to Kill." In Violent Acts and Violentization: Assessing, Applying, and Developing Lonnie Athens' Theories, ed. Lonnie Athens and Jeffery T. Ulmer. Amsterdam, Boston, and London: JAI/Elsevier, 2003.
- Tomoff, Kiril.
- "The Role of Forests in Witte's Industrialization Drive." Russian History 22, no. 3 (1995): 249-283.
- "'Most Respected Comrade . . .': Patrons, Clients, Brokers and Unofficial Networks in the Stalinist Music World." Contemporary European History 11, no. 1 (2002): 33-65.